1 00:00:07,700 --> 00:00:05,240 hi I'm dr. Frank summers of the Space 2 00:00:10,820 --> 00:00:07,710 Telescope Science Institute and welcome 3 00:00:13,190 --> 00:00:10,830 to the Hubble national teachin first 4 00:00:15,230 --> 00:00:13,200 we've got a very special guest NASA 5 00:00:18,099 --> 00:00:15,240 Administrator Charles Bolden who wants 6 00:00:20,779 --> 00:00:18,109 to give you his own personal welcome 7 00:00:23,000 --> 00:00:20,789 thank you to all the educators students 8 00:00:25,370 --> 00:00:23,010 scientists and engineers participating 9 00:00:27,650 --> 00:00:25,380 in today's Hubble teach-in when we 10 00:00:30,349 --> 00:00:27,660 launch this magnificent telescope 25 11 00:00:32,690 --> 00:00:30,359 years ago today we knew it would be 12 00:00:34,700 --> 00:00:32,700 special but we really had no idea the 13 00:00:36,260 --> 00:00:34,710 degree to which it would transform our 14 00:00:39,740 --> 00:00:36,270 understanding of the universe and 15 00:00:42,200 --> 00:00:39,750 rewrite textbooks today the Hubble Space 16 00:00:44,779 --> 00:00:42,210 Telescope continues to provide more data 17 00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:44,789 each year than there is in the entire 18 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:47,760 library of congress it's confirmed the 19 00:00:51,740 --> 00:00:49,530 presence of black holes in the Centers 20 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:51,750 of the galaxies it made the first 21 00:00:55,310 --> 00:00:53,850 observations of the chemical makeup of 22 00:00:57,830 --> 00:00:55,320 the atmosphere of a planet orbiting 23 00:01:00,380 --> 00:00:57,840 another star it helped scientists 24 00:01:03,500 --> 00:01:00,390 determine that the cosmos is 13.7 25 00:01:06,230 --> 00:01:03,510 billion years old it provided the first 26 00:01:08,420 --> 00:01:06,240 high-resolution maps of the structures 27 00:01:11,719 --> 00:01:08,430 of planet-forming discs around stars 28 00:01:15,230 --> 00:01:11,729 like our Sun and those are just a few of 29 00:01:16,969 --> 00:01:15,240 Hubble's greatest hits it was my great 30 00:01:19,550 --> 00:01:16,979 pleasure to be a part of the crew that 31 00:01:22,010 --> 00:01:19,560 brought Hubble to space many astronauts 32 00:01:23,870 --> 00:01:22,020 cents have helped repair it and keep it 33 00:01:26,600 --> 00:01:23,880 running and many talented and dedicated 34 00:01:28,730 --> 00:01:26,610 folks on the ground have continued to 35 00:01:31,340 --> 00:01:28,740 monitor and manage this magnificent 36 00:01:34,010 --> 00:01:31,350 one-of-a-kind telescope there are nearly 37 00:01:36,200 --> 00:01:34,020 endless possibilities for learning from 38 00:01:39,109 --> 00:01:36,210 the wonderful data and images that 39 00:01:41,569 --> 00:01:39,119 Hubble continues to send us I applaud 40 00:01:43,190 --> 00:01:41,579 the teachin for helping to inspire the 41 00:01:46,219 --> 00:01:43,200 next generation of scientists and 42 00:01:48,910 --> 00:01:46,229 engineers who may someday work on their 43 00:01:51,350 --> 00:01:48,920 own great observatory and once again 44 00:01:54,020 --> 00:01:51,360 transform humanity's understanding of 45 00:01:56,420 --> 00:01:54,030 our place in the universe I hope you 46 00:01:58,399 --> 00:01:56,430 learn a lot today I also hope your 47 00:02:00,620 --> 00:01:58,409 journey with Hubble the James Webb Space 48 00:02:03,770 --> 00:02:00,630 Telescope that launches in just a few 49 00:02:06,139 --> 00:02:03,780 years and all of NASA's missions will 50 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:06,149 continue to inspire you and help you 51 00:02:20,860 --> 00:02:18,910 it's a public outreach here at stsci in 52 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:20,870 particular I want to give you a welcome 53 00:02:25,180 --> 00:02:23,090 from Bonnie aizen hammer our education 54 00:02:27,850 --> 00:02:25,190 program manager she's the one on the 55 00:02:30,310 --> 00:02:27,860 right in this image Bonnie and I work 56 00:02:32,950 --> 00:02:30,320 very close together we believe in the 57 00:02:35,200 --> 00:02:32,960 scientist educator partnership which is 58 00:02:37,870 --> 00:02:35,210 what makes our education program so 59 00:02:39,490 --> 00:02:37,880 special we also have a lot of other 60 00:02:41,950 --> 00:02:39,500 folks here at the Space Telescope 61 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:41,960 Science Institute this is one of our 62 00:02:46,390 --> 00:02:44,210 group photographs we've taken when the 63 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:46,400 astronauts come to visit you can see 64 00:02:50,950 --> 00:02:48,370 that there are a lot of folks here and 65 00:02:53,320 --> 00:02:50,960 it includes the people that you might 66 00:02:56,110 --> 00:02:53,330 normally expect the astronomers the 67 00:02:57,430 --> 00:02:56,120 engineers the computer programmers it 68 00:02:59,590 --> 00:02:57,440 also includes the people that you would 69 00:03:02,590 --> 00:02:59,600 you need to run a business those who 70 00:03:04,750 --> 00:03:02,600 work in finance personnel maintenance 71 00:03:08,260 --> 00:03:04,760 but it also includes some people you 72 00:03:11,230 --> 00:03:08,270 might not expect like writers artists 73 00:03:13,240 --> 00:03:11,240 and teachers these are the people that 74 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:13,250 helped us get Hubble's discoveries out 75 00:03:19,630 --> 00:03:16,370 to the public and out into our education 76 00:03:22,870 --> 00:03:19,640 and I think it for us it teaches a 77 00:03:25,990 --> 00:03:22,880 lesson that you don't have to be a PhD 78 00:03:29,140 --> 00:03:26,000 astrophysics geek to work on Hubble we 79 00:03:31,600 --> 00:03:29,150 have about 500 people here who all are 80 00:03:34,210 --> 00:03:31,610 very proud to a good part of the Hubble 81 00:03:38,140 --> 00:03:34,220 program so no matter what you do in your 82 00:03:40,180 --> 00:03:38,150 career you can be an artist and still be 83 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:40,190 involved in science I'm an astronomer 84 00:03:46,030 --> 00:03:43,850 but I've worked on three IMAX films so 85 00:03:47,949 --> 00:03:46,040 really you don't need to limit yourself 86 00:03:50,040 --> 00:03:47,959 in your career and we embody that here 87 00:03:53,949 --> 00:03:50,050 at the Space Telescope Science Institute 88 00:03:56,380 --> 00:03:53,959 so let's talk about how Hubble is a 89 00:04:00,160 --> 00:03:56,390 Space Telescope spaces its middle name 90 00:04:03,940 --> 00:04:00,170 and here is an image of Earth and it's 91 00:04:06,820 --> 00:04:03,950 not that far out into space here is a 92 00:04:10,060 --> 00:04:06,830 diagram showing you the size of Hubble's 93 00:04:12,390 --> 00:04:10,070 orbit relative to the size of Earth how 94 00:04:16,110 --> 00:04:12,400 about is what we call low Earth orbit 95 00:04:18,539 --> 00:04:16,120 it's just up above Earth's atmosphere 96 00:04:21,190 --> 00:04:18,549 here's an image that illustrates that 97 00:04:23,200 --> 00:04:21,200 Hubble is just above Earth's atmosphere 98 00:04:25,870 --> 00:04:23,210 and if you look you can see that fuzzy 99 00:04:27,350 --> 00:04:25,880 edge to Earth's atmosphere that is 100 00:04:30,050 --> 00:04:27,360 Hubble's main 101 00:04:33,020 --> 00:04:30,060 advantage by getting up above Earth's 102 00:04:36,529 --> 00:04:33,030 atmosphere Hubble gets the clearest view 103 00:04:38,300 --> 00:04:36,539 of any visible light telescope now when 104 00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:38,310 we were young we all learned about 105 00:04:43,339 --> 00:04:40,650 twinkle twinkle little star well that 106 00:04:45,589 --> 00:04:43,349 twinkle is caused by Earth's atmosphere 107 00:04:48,230 --> 00:04:45,599 so it is the process of getting above 108 00:04:52,999 --> 00:04:48,240 Earth's atmosphere that gives Hubble 109 00:04:54,589 --> 00:04:53,009 it's amazing you'd now you don't need to 110 00:04:56,779 --> 00:04:54,599 read all this slide this is just some 111 00:04:59,689 --> 00:04:56,789 facts about Hubble but you might want to 112 00:05:01,820 --> 00:04:59,699 know its size its length is about 43 113 00:05:04,519 --> 00:05:01,830 feet and that's the size of a large 114 00:05:06,290 --> 00:05:04,529 school bus I like to sort of joke that 115 00:05:08,330 --> 00:05:06,300 if ms frizzle and the Magic School Bus 116 00:05:10,969 --> 00:05:08,340 would not to visit Hubble it'd be about 117 00:05:12,709 --> 00:05:10,979 the same size of course those of you 118 00:05:14,209 --> 00:05:12,719 who've read the books recognize that ms 119 00:05:15,709 --> 00:05:14,219 frizzle drives a shorter school bus 120 00:05:17,510 --> 00:05:15,719 she'd have to drag one of the big long 121 00:05:20,269 --> 00:05:17,520 school buses and then it would be about 122 00:05:22,450 --> 00:05:20,279 the same size as Howell the other thing 123 00:05:25,339 --> 00:05:22,460 to note is that Hubble is moving at 124 00:05:28,279 --> 00:05:25,349 17,000 about 17,000 miles an hour and 125 00:05:31,249 --> 00:05:28,289 makes one orbit about an an hour and a 126 00:05:33,769 --> 00:05:31,259 half so while we're doing this teaching 127 00:05:35,209 --> 00:05:33,779 for about an hour Hubble will travel 128 00:05:40,279 --> 00:05:35,219 around two thirds of the way around 129 00:05:44,950 --> 00:05:40,289 Earth the hubble space telescope was 130 00:05:46,850 --> 00:05:44,960 launched in 1990 25 years ago today and 131 00:05:50,269 --> 00:05:46,860 do you know what NASA Administrator 132 00:05:53,689 --> 00:05:50,279 Charles Bolden was doing then he was on 133 00:05:56,990 --> 00:05:53,699 the astronaut team that put Hubble into 134 00:06:00,249 --> 00:05:57,000 orbit and here is a marvelous photograph 135 00:06:04,850 --> 00:06:00,259 of home being set into orbit from the 136 00:06:07,070 --> 00:06:04,860 Bay of the space shuttle now 25 years 137 00:06:08,959 --> 00:06:07,080 ago is a really long time matter of fact 138 00:06:11,209 --> 00:06:08,969 for all the kids that are in elementary 139 00:06:14,959 --> 00:06:11,219 school and middle school and high school 140 00:06:17,089 --> 00:06:14,969 and even college 25 years is longer than 141 00:06:19,909 --> 00:06:17,099 they've been alive Hubble was launched 142 00:06:23,029 --> 00:06:19,919 before you were born you've never known 143 00:06:25,429 --> 00:06:23,039 a world without Hubble so let's try and 144 00:06:28,550 --> 00:06:25,439 do Oh an idea of what it was like way 145 00:06:30,679 --> 00:06:28,560 back in nineteen ninety so this is an 146 00:06:34,429 --> 00:06:30,689 image of a computer that's very much 147 00:06:37,339 --> 00:06:34,439 like the one I had in 1994 the adults 148 00:06:39,740 --> 00:06:37,349 it's like a 386 with a cd-rom drive and 149 00:06:42,950 --> 00:06:39,750 a three-and-a-half inch floppy disk 150 00:06:45,470 --> 00:06:42,960 now I have a computer that's thousand 151 00:06:52,010 --> 00:06:45,480 times faster and has a thousand times 152 00:06:55,880 --> 00:06:52,020 more memory and it fits in my pocket my 153 00:06:58,220 --> 00:06:55,890 cell phone that i carry today is times 154 00:07:01,610 --> 00:06:58,230 better in every way then the computer i 155 00:07:03,740 --> 00:07:01,620 had in 1990 and it's probably a million 156 00:07:06,500 --> 00:07:03,750 times more useful because of all the 157 00:07:08,780 --> 00:07:06,510 software that's written for it now 158 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:08,790 because of that because it was so long 159 00:07:13,270 --> 00:07:11,370 ago in technical technology time people 160 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:13,280 may think that Hubble is old technology 161 00:07:18,680 --> 00:07:16,770 well how do we keep it current the 162 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:18,690 astronauts who put Hubble until it not 163 00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:20,850 only put Hubble into orbit they also 164 00:07:25,730 --> 00:07:23,730 went up and had five servicing missions 165 00:07:27,650 --> 00:07:25,740 to help here are pictures of the 166 00:07:29,930 --> 00:07:27,660 astronauts and some pictures of them 167 00:07:32,420 --> 00:07:29,940 servicing Kabul and during those five 168 00:07:34,850 --> 00:07:32,430 servicing missions like that old 169 00:07:37,580 --> 00:07:34,860 computer which I was able to upgrade the 170 00:07:40,130 --> 00:07:37,590 processor and upgrade the RAM and go 171 00:07:42,409 --> 00:07:40,140 from a cd-rom drive to a dvd-rom drive 172 00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:42,419 we've been able to do that with Hubble 173 00:07:46,940 --> 00:07:44,610 we've been able to take out the old 174 00:07:49,790 --> 00:07:46,950 instruments put in new instruments 175 00:07:52,820 --> 00:07:49,800 upgrade it repair it and as NASA likes 176 00:07:55,909 --> 00:07:52,830 to say repair refresh and renew Hubble 177 00:07:59,300 --> 00:07:55,919 with each visit so Hubble isn't old 178 00:08:01,820 --> 00:07:59,310 technology how well as is 25 years old 179 00:08:03,770 --> 00:08:01,830 since it was launched but it is filled 180 00:08:06,290 --> 00:08:03,780 with a lot of brand new technology and 181 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:06,300 I'll show you the roles of that now it 182 00:08:11,750 --> 00:08:09,090 was really great that Hubble was able to 183 00:08:13,460 --> 00:08:11,760 be serviced because and you don't 184 00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:13,470 remember this again this had probably 185 00:08:17,570 --> 00:08:15,450 happened before you were born but when 186 00:08:20,270 --> 00:08:17,580 Hubble was originally launched it had a 187 00:08:22,520 --> 00:08:20,280 flaw in the mirror the mirror was ground 188 00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:22,530 to a very exact shape but it was just 189 00:08:28,450 --> 00:08:26,580 slightly out of focus so on the left you 190 00:08:32,300 --> 00:08:28,460 see the image of the center of a galaxy 191 00:08:35,329 --> 00:08:32,310 before the repair in 1993 servicing 192 00:08:37,339 --> 00:08:35,339 mission 11 went up and repaired the flaw 193 00:08:39,560 --> 00:08:37,349 on Hubble's mirror it fit on well it's 194 00:08:42,110 --> 00:08:39,570 could put on my glasses on Hubble so 195 00:08:44,690 --> 00:08:42,120 that it could correct the wave front so 196 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:44,700 that Hubble could see clearly on the 197 00:08:49,130 --> 00:08:46,890 right you see the result after the 198 00:08:52,490 --> 00:08:49,140 repair and you can see the clarity with 199 00:08:53,319 --> 00:08:52,500 which Hubble sees the universe now 200 00:08:54,759 --> 00:08:53,329 that's not 201 00:08:57,609 --> 00:08:54,769 say that before the repair Hubble was 202 00:08:59,289 --> 00:08:57,619 useless how will still had better 203 00:09:01,449 --> 00:08:59,299 resolution than any ground-based 204 00:09:03,999 --> 00:09:01,459 telescope before the repair and could 205 00:09:07,059 --> 00:09:04,009 still do science that could not be done 206 00:09:09,220 --> 00:09:07,069 from the ground however it was after the 207 00:09:10,809 --> 00:09:09,230 repair missions that Hubble was finally 208 00:09:13,179 --> 00:09:10,819 able to achieve its design 209 00:09:16,509 --> 00:09:13,189 specifications and do all the great 210 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:16,519 science that we intended it for so let's 211 00:09:19,989 --> 00:09:18,170 talk about some of that science and will 212 00:09:23,259 --> 00:09:19,999 begin in our solar system with the 213 00:09:26,049 --> 00:09:23,269 planet Jupiter this is Jupiter the 214 00:09:28,449 --> 00:09:26,059 largest of the planets and it has a 215 00:09:30,549 --> 00:09:28,459 wonderful feature called the Great Red 216 00:09:33,609 --> 00:09:30,559 Spot you can see it down there just 217 00:09:35,530 --> 00:09:33,619 below the equator and i zoom in on it 218 00:09:37,030 --> 00:09:35,540 well this is an assume and this is a 219 00:09:38,799 --> 00:09:37,040 picture from the Voyager mission that 220 00:09:40,660 --> 00:09:38,809 went past it it's one of my favorite 221 00:09:42,579 --> 00:09:40,670 pictures in astronomy there so many of 222 00:09:45,189 --> 00:09:42,589 those but you can see the Great Red Spot 223 00:09:47,669 --> 00:09:45,199 and you can also see those white ovals 224 00:09:51,669 --> 00:09:47,679 those large white ovals these are all 225 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:51,679 storms in Jupiter's atmosphere jupiter 226 00:09:56,289 --> 00:09:54,170 has a lot of storms and those white 227 00:09:58,629 --> 00:09:56,299 ovals are storms like our giant 228 00:10:01,179 --> 00:09:58,639 hurricanes and the Great Red Spot is the 229 00:10:04,809 --> 00:10:01,189 granddaddy of them all it's the largest 230 00:10:07,749 --> 00:10:04,819 of the storms on Jupiter how large is it 231 00:10:13,059 --> 00:10:07,759 well here is a comparison of the Great 232 00:10:16,379 --> 00:10:13,069 Red Spot to our entire planet on Jupiter 233 00:10:21,549 --> 00:10:16,389 they have a storm larger than our entire 234 00:10:25,479 --> 00:10:21,559 planet that's big and not only is it big 235 00:10:29,049 --> 00:10:25,489 but it's also long lasting Hubble has 236 00:10:31,919 --> 00:10:29,059 been up for 25 years and has studied the 237 00:10:35,289 --> 00:10:31,929 Great Red Spot for the entire 25 years 238 00:10:37,809 --> 00:10:35,299 but the Great Red Spot has been around 239 00:10:40,780 --> 00:10:37,819 for as long as we know we have 240 00:10:43,359 --> 00:10:40,790 observations from 200 years ago showing 241 00:10:46,449 --> 00:10:43,369 the Great Red Spot and we may even have 242 00:10:49,659 --> 00:10:46,459 observations from 350 years ago showing 243 00:10:54,220 --> 00:10:49,669 the red spot so it's a giant storm at 244 00:10:56,829 --> 00:10:54,230 last for centuries now during Hubble's 245 00:11:00,460 --> 00:10:56,839 time watching it Hubble has actually 246 00:11:02,999 --> 00:11:00,470 seen the Great Red Spot shrink you can 247 00:11:06,159 --> 00:11:03,009 see in the top image the Great Red Spot 248 00:11:06,980 --> 00:11:06,169 1995 was significantly larger than it is 249 00:11:10,940 --> 00:11:06,990 in the bottom 250 00:11:13,190 --> 00:11:10,950 image the Great Red Spot in 2014 we've 251 00:11:15,199 --> 00:11:13,200 actually seen the grid rate that red 252 00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:15,209 spots to shrink over the time Hubble has 253 00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:19,140 been up why well I got to be honest with 254 00:11:24,260 --> 00:11:22,410 you we're not exactly sure it's a topic 255 00:11:26,660 --> 00:11:24,270 of current research trying to find out 256 00:11:29,050 --> 00:11:26,670 why the Great Red Spot is very slowly 257 00:11:33,440 --> 00:11:29,060 shrinking over these past few decades 258 00:11:36,380 --> 00:11:33,450 but there's more for red spots because 259 00:11:38,540 --> 00:11:36,390 in 1997 three of those white ovals that 260 00:11:41,750 --> 00:11:38,550 I mentioned earlier started to merge 261 00:11:46,940 --> 00:11:41,760 together and in 1998 two of them merged 262 00:11:48,620 --> 00:11:46,950 and in 2003 all words together to form 263 00:11:52,610 --> 00:11:48,630 an oval that well I guess it's called 264 00:11:55,449 --> 00:11:52,620 oval VA and that was the largest storm 265 00:12:01,970 --> 00:11:55,459 outside of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter 266 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:01,980 but in 2006 that ol turned red and for 267 00:12:09,350 --> 00:12:05,010 the first time ever we saw the formation 268 00:12:11,210 --> 00:12:09,360 of a red spot now again it's called oval 269 00:12:15,019 --> 00:12:11,220 ba but we gave it the colloquial name 270 00:12:17,360 --> 00:12:15,029 red spot junior and red spot junior has 271 00:12:19,130 --> 00:12:17,370 also proven to be a long-lived storm and 272 00:12:25,670 --> 00:12:19,140 it is still there in Jupiter's 273 00:12:28,970 --> 00:12:25,680 atmosphere plus in 2008 we saw the 274 00:12:31,519 --> 00:12:28,980 appearance of a third red spot so you've 275 00:12:34,250 --> 00:12:31,529 got the great red spot on the right red 276 00:12:36,410 --> 00:12:34,260 spot Junior down lower left and in the 277 00:12:39,650 --> 00:12:36,420 middle on the left we have what we hope 278 00:12:41,180 --> 00:12:39,660 we have called baby red spot but you can 279 00:12:43,790 --> 00:12:41,190 see that red spot Junior is at a 280 00:12:45,949 --> 00:12:43,800 different latitude from the Great Red 281 00:12:48,850 --> 00:12:45,959 Spot it is passed by the Great Red Spot 282 00:12:51,590 --> 00:12:48,860 several times and everything's fine 283 00:12:54,139 --> 00:12:51,600 unfortunately the baby red spot was at 284 00:12:57,590 --> 00:12:54,149 the same latitude and so we watched over 285 00:13:00,230 --> 00:12:57,600 the summer of 2008 as it approached and 286 00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:00,240 then got caught into the vortices of the 287 00:13:06,110 --> 00:13:04,110 Great Red Spot and dissipated away so 288 00:13:08,420 --> 00:13:06,120 with Hubble we've been able to study the 289 00:13:10,970 --> 00:13:08,430 Great Red Spot over decades we've seen 290 00:13:12,949 --> 00:13:10,980 the formation of red spot jr. and we've 291 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:12,959 seen the dissolution of the baby red 292 00:13:17,930 --> 00:13:15,810 spot now next time you think that the 293 00:13:19,220 --> 00:13:17,940 door weather is really horrible just 294 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:19,230 remember the storms here on earth 295 00:13:24,530 --> 00:13:20,610 they're nothing 296 00:13:27,350 --> 00:13:24,540 compared to what we have on Jupiter so 297 00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:27,360 let's move on the go up a scale to stars 298 00:13:31,870 --> 00:13:29,910 and what we show here is the 299 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:31,880 constellation of Orion and the 300 00:13:37,519 --> 00:13:35,010 upper-left star is the star called fatal 301 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:37,529 juice now what you need to remember 302 00:13:43,069 --> 00:13:39,930 about stars is that they're really 303 00:13:46,340 --> 00:13:43,079 really far away so when we look at a 304 00:13:49,519 --> 00:13:46,350 star it's just a point of light the size 305 00:13:52,220 --> 00:13:49,529 of a star compared to its distance is so 306 00:13:56,470 --> 00:13:52,230 great that even with the best telescopes 307 00:13:59,900 --> 00:13:56,480 stars or desk points of light except 308 00:14:03,590 --> 00:13:59,910 Hubble with its exquisite resolution was 309 00:14:05,540 --> 00:14:03,600 able to resolve the star Betelgeuse it 310 00:14:07,880 --> 00:14:05,550 was able to measure several pixels 311 00:14:10,670 --> 00:14:07,890 across the face of bailed it's the first 312 00:14:13,850 --> 00:14:10,680 time an optical telescope had been able 313 00:14:16,730 --> 00:14:13,860 to resolve a star now you might say wow 314 00:14:19,880 --> 00:14:16,740 Hubble is just so amazing well it's also 315 00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:19,890 that baitul juice is so amazing because 316 00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:23,130 baitul juice is a red supergiant star 317 00:14:29,389 --> 00:14:26,310 and you can see by the scale bars but 318 00:14:31,850 --> 00:14:29,399 beneath it that baitul juice is not only 319 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:31,860 larger than Earth's orbit it's larger 320 00:14:36,530 --> 00:14:35,130 than Jupiter's orbit around the Sun so 321 00:14:41,360 --> 00:14:36,540 if baitul juice were in the place of our 322 00:14:44,689 --> 00:14:41,370 Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars and Jupiter 323 00:14:49,040 --> 00:14:44,699 would all be orbiting inside of baitul 324 00:14:51,290 --> 00:14:49,050 juice another great use of Hubble four 325 00:14:53,870 --> 00:14:51,300 stars has been to look at star clusters 326 00:14:56,780 --> 00:14:53,880 and this is this globular cluster 327 00:14:59,509 --> 00:14:56,790 Messier 80 and these are these really 328 00:15:01,790 --> 00:14:59,519 dense stellar systems stars that formed 329 00:15:04,160 --> 00:15:01,800 all together and are orbiting around one 330 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:04,170 another and Hubble's exquisite 331 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:07,410 resolution is especially good in looking 332 00:15:11,439 --> 00:15:08,970 toward the course of these globular 333 00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:11,449 clusters and being able to resolve the 334 00:15:17,540 --> 00:15:14,880 individual stars and see the details of 335 00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:17,550 their characteristics and their motions 336 00:15:23,900 --> 00:15:21,540 within these globular clusters also 337 00:15:26,689 --> 00:15:23,910 Hubble being above Earth's atmosphere 338 00:15:29,350 --> 00:15:26,699 can look in the ultraviolet at the 339 00:15:33,070 --> 00:15:29,360 visible and a little bit of the infrared 340 00:15:36,220 --> 00:15:33,080 so this image here with it's bright red 341 00:15:38,920 --> 00:15:36,230 bright blue colors is actually showing 342 00:15:42,370 --> 00:15:38,930 you a multi-wavelength view of the 343 00:15:45,010 --> 00:15:42,380 interior of a globular cluster the blue 344 00:15:48,090 --> 00:15:45,020 in this image is ultraviolet light and 345 00:15:50,620 --> 00:15:48,100 the red in this image is infrared light 346 00:15:52,660 --> 00:15:50,630 this shows that Hubble has been able to 347 00:15:55,750 --> 00:15:52,670 look a multi-wavelength from ultraviolet 348 00:15:58,600 --> 00:15:55,760 to visible to infrared inside this 349 00:16:02,320 --> 00:15:58,610 globular cluster it also allows Hubble 350 00:16:04,900 --> 00:16:02,330 to capture the very rare objects within 351 00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:04,910 the globular cluster for example stars 352 00:16:09,160 --> 00:16:07,490 and collided together and merged these 353 00:16:11,860 --> 00:16:09,170 stellar collisions that occur only 354 00:16:13,870 --> 00:16:11,870 inside globular clusters create blue 355 00:16:16,540 --> 00:16:13,880 stars that radiate in the ultraviolet or 356 00:16:17,830 --> 00:16:16,550 the old stars like baitul juice the ones 357 00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:17,840 that are becoming red giants and 358 00:16:23,470 --> 00:16:20,210 supergiant's they will radiate a lot in 359 00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:23,480 the infrared and show up in the red so 360 00:16:28,630 --> 00:16:25,610 Hubble has been very very valuable in 361 00:16:31,540 --> 00:16:28,640 the study of these dense stellar systems 362 00:16:35,590 --> 00:16:31,550 and see how stars move and act in their 363 00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:35,600 characteristics inside star clusters now 364 00:16:42,340 --> 00:16:39,110 star clusters are also very associated 365 00:16:45,820 --> 00:16:42,350 with nebula matter of fact stars form in 366 00:16:47,770 --> 00:16:45,830 clusters inside nebula and this image 367 00:16:50,350 --> 00:16:47,780 here is one that we released yesterday 368 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:50,360 for Hubble's 25th anniversary 369 00:16:56,560 --> 00:16:52,610 re-released an image of the star cluster 370 00:16:58,840 --> 00:16:56,570 Westerlund to inside the nebula gum 29 371 00:17:00,340 --> 00:16:58,850 and this is an image you may have seen 372 00:17:02,050 --> 00:17:00,350 on the internet in the last 24 hours 373 00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:02,060 because it's gotten quite a lot of 374 00:17:06,939 --> 00:17:04,910 attention we also made a 375 00:17:09,130 --> 00:17:06,949 three-dimensional visualization of this 376 00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:09,140 where we get to fly in to take a look at 377 00:17:14,079 --> 00:17:11,690 that star cluster now I can't show you 378 00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:14,089 the movies on this hangout but I can 379 00:17:19,030 --> 00:17:15,770 give you a few frames of it to give the 380 00:17:23,290 --> 00:17:19,040 ax feeling of it so the camera flies 381 00:17:25,630 --> 00:17:23,300 into the the nebula gum 29 and as we 382 00:17:29,290 --> 00:17:25,640 zoom in the stars come past the camera 383 00:17:31,570 --> 00:17:29,300 and the camera descends onto the edge of 384 00:17:34,720 --> 00:17:31,580 the nebula the nebula gum 29 onto the 385 00:17:37,390 --> 00:17:34,730 lower rim of it then it starts to pass 386 00:17:39,460 --> 00:17:37,400 by a little valves of gas that's on the 387 00:17:42,310 --> 00:17:39,470 near edge of it and starts to penetrate 388 00:17:44,410 --> 00:17:42,320 into the heart of the nebula we five 389 00:17:45,340 --> 00:17:44,420 past all those pillars these pillars 390 00:17:47,350 --> 00:17:45,350 would get a dark 391 00:17:48,909 --> 00:17:47,360 acid us that are pointed toward the 392 00:17:51,669 --> 00:17:48,919 cluster because they're actually being 393 00:17:54,159 --> 00:17:51,679 shaped by the cluster the winds and 394 00:17:56,890 --> 00:17:54,169 radiation are shaping them and finally 395 00:17:59,520 --> 00:17:56,900 we zoom in to see the details the 396 00:18:04,360 --> 00:17:59,530 thousands of stars inside the cluster 397 00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:04,370 Westerlund to this is a wonderful way to 398 00:18:09,520 --> 00:18:07,610 experience it and it is our way of 399 00:18:11,799 --> 00:18:09,530 reminding you that these two-dimensional 400 00:18:13,630 --> 00:18:11,809 images from Hubble are really 401 00:18:17,590 --> 00:18:13,640 representations of a three-dimensional 402 00:18:20,049 --> 00:18:17,600 universe now this is a great segue into 403 00:18:22,390 --> 00:18:20,059 talking about nebula and a particular 404 00:18:24,279 --> 00:18:22,400 star cluster star formation of street as 405 00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:24,289 we a particular star formation region 406 00:18:30,700 --> 00:18:27,650 called the Orion Nebula the Orion Nebula 407 00:18:33,220 --> 00:18:30,710 is one of the nearest large star forming 408 00:18:35,770 --> 00:18:33,230 regions it has all sorts of activity 409 00:18:38,860 --> 00:18:35,780 going on in it and this image from 2006 410 00:18:41,740 --> 00:18:38,870 is incredibly detailed but actually I'm 411 00:18:45,669 --> 00:18:41,750 going to go back to an image from 1995 412 00:18:48,159 --> 00:18:45,679 which takes the center of the Orion 413 00:18:51,100 --> 00:18:48,169 Nebula and brings that out in sharp 414 00:18:53,890 --> 00:18:51,110 relief in the center there are four 415 00:18:56,289 --> 00:18:53,900 large stars called the trapezium and it 416 00:18:58,600 --> 00:18:56,299 is these stars that have the strong 417 00:19:01,960 --> 00:18:58,610 stellar winds and the intense 418 00:19:04,659 --> 00:19:01,970 ultraviolet emission that caused the gas 419 00:19:08,080 --> 00:19:04,669 around it to glow and also shape the 420 00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:08,090 objects around it for example on the 421 00:19:13,630 --> 00:19:10,880 right in this image is a star called ll 422 00:19:16,029 --> 00:19:13,640 Oriana's and the winds from these hot 423 00:19:18,970 --> 00:19:16,039 stars in the center are sweeping past 424 00:19:21,760 --> 00:19:18,980 llo Oriana's and you can see a bow shock 425 00:19:23,950 --> 00:19:21,770 in on its near side a battle shock like 426 00:19:25,960 --> 00:19:23,960 a boat going across a call motion 427 00:19:28,360 --> 00:19:25,970 creates a bow shock in front of it it's 428 00:19:31,029 --> 00:19:28,370 the same thing here but now it's the 429 00:19:35,140 --> 00:19:31,039 winds from these stars sweeping past the 430 00:19:38,020 --> 00:19:35,150 gas around ll orianna's the upper left I 431 00:19:40,390 --> 00:19:38,030 show you a star that's forming much 432 00:19:43,090 --> 00:19:40,400 nearer to the central cluster and 433 00:19:45,399 --> 00:19:43,100 instead of just creating a nice soft bow 434 00:19:50,140 --> 00:19:45,409 shock that bow shock has wrapped around 435 00:19:53,409 --> 00:19:50,150 to form a windsock type type shape we 436 00:19:55,510 --> 00:19:53,419 call these tadpoles or actually 437 00:19:57,900 --> 00:19:55,520 astronomers given the name Pro pleads 438 00:19:59,910 --> 00:19:57,910 for protoplanetary discs 439 00:20:02,850 --> 00:19:59,920 what's happened is the wind is so strong 440 00:20:06,810 --> 00:20:02,860 it is wrapped the gas around it and you 441 00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:06,820 get that win sought type shape finally 442 00:20:12,330 --> 00:20:09,310 down bottom you can see an image of a 443 00:20:17,520 --> 00:20:12,340 newborn star and you can see a black 444 00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:17,530 area around it that black area is a disk 445 00:20:25,980 --> 00:20:21,250 of material and inside that disk of 446 00:20:30,930 --> 00:20:25,990 material planets will be forming in the 447 00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:30,940 Orion Nebula we have now seen solar 448 00:20:37,140 --> 00:20:34,450 systems in formation that star is born 449 00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:37,150 and as that stars form you form a disk 450 00:20:42,990 --> 00:20:39,610 of material around it and in that disk 451 00:20:47,100 --> 00:20:43,000 you get planets we can see planetary 452 00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:47,110 systems in formation in Iranian an Orion 453 00:20:53,190 --> 00:20:49,810 is very special to me because the IMAX 454 00:20:55,620 --> 00:20:53,200 film hubble 3d we did a full fledged 3d 455 00:20:59,390 --> 00:20:55,630 visualization of Orion and I want to let 456 00:21:01,680 --> 00:20:59,400 you know that the imax company has 457 00:21:03,930 --> 00:21:01,690 re-released imax hubble 3d in 458 00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:03,940 celebration of Hubble's 25th anniversary 459 00:21:08,220 --> 00:21:06,250 so if you're looking for a way to get 460 00:21:09,630 --> 00:21:08,230 more Hubble this weekend go out and 461 00:21:11,670 --> 00:21:09,640 check and see if your outlook imax 462 00:21:16,170 --> 00:21:11,680 theatre is playing imax hubble this 463 00:21:19,440 --> 00:21:16,180 weekend let's the move on up to galaxies 464 00:21:21,570 --> 00:21:19,450 and again i have so many favorite images 465 00:21:24,390 --> 00:21:21,580 in astronomy this is definitely one of 466 00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:24,400 them the Whirlpool Galaxy it's the 467 00:21:29,190 --> 00:21:26,650 classic spiral galaxy you can see those 468 00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:29,200 beautiful pinwheel shape of those spiral 469 00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:32,290 arms now to get a sense of scale for 470 00:21:38,730 --> 00:21:34,810 this galaxy do you see all those pink 471 00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:38,740 dots along the spiral arms those pink 472 00:21:45,150 --> 00:21:41,770 regions are star forming regions like 473 00:21:46,770 --> 00:21:45,160 the Orion Nebula every single one that 474 00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:46,780 affect Orion would probably be a pretty 475 00:21:51,990 --> 00:21:49,690 small one of those pink dots all of 476 00:21:54,510 --> 00:21:52,000 those pink dots are places where 477 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:54,520 thousands of stars are being born and 478 00:21:59,550 --> 00:21:56,650 that gives you a scale that you know 479 00:22:03,450 --> 00:21:59,560 there are hundreds of billions of stars 480 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:03,460 in this galaxy now spiral galaxies can 481 00:22:09,150 --> 00:22:07,090 also look like this one here because 482 00:22:11,830 --> 00:22:09,160 spiral galaxies are actually pancake 483 00:22:14,260 --> 00:22:11,840 shape you see the spiral arms 484 00:22:16,390 --> 00:22:14,270 you look at the pancake face on but when 485 00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:16,400 you look at it edge on you see that dark 486 00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:20,210 disk of material other galaxies shapes 487 00:22:26,230 --> 00:22:23,630 include a barred spiral shape in which 488 00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:26,240 you've got a very long bar as well as 489 00:22:32,470 --> 00:22:28,730 the spiral arms the spiral arms come off 490 00:22:34,120 --> 00:22:32,480 of the long bar in the center if you 491 00:22:36,789 --> 00:22:34,130 just take that central region which is 492 00:22:40,029 --> 00:22:36,799 sort of you know fluffy shaped you get a 493 00:22:42,669 --> 00:22:40,039 an elliptical galaxy which is spread out 494 00:22:43,630 --> 00:22:42,679 across a filling filling volume you 495 00:22:45,190 --> 00:22:43,640 could call it sort of call it a 496 00:22:46,840 --> 00:22:45,200 football-shaped galaxy because there 497 00:22:49,560 --> 00:22:46,850 never actually circular they're always 498 00:22:54,760 --> 00:22:49,570 sort of an oblong football like shape 499 00:22:56,889 --> 00:22:54,770 then if you combine the two if you take 500 00:22:58,210 --> 00:22:56,899 that elliptical galaxy and center and 501 00:23:00,730 --> 00:22:58,220 you have that spiral the disk of the 502 00:23:04,240 --> 00:23:00,740 spiral you get a shape called a 503 00:23:06,310 --> 00:23:04,250 lenticular galaxy all right this is some 504 00:23:07,389 --> 00:23:06,320 rare o galaxy you might be able to squit 505 00:23:09,490 --> 00:23:07,399 and be able to see the outline of 506 00:23:13,360 --> 00:23:09,500 sombrero but you can see it has that 507 00:23:15,669 --> 00:23:13,370 great big bulge as well as that disc so 508 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:15,679 these are the basic shapes of galaxies 509 00:23:18,820 --> 00:23:17,330 and I'm don't want to claim that Hubble 510 00:23:20,289 --> 00:23:18,830 discover them they were discovered 511 00:23:22,510 --> 00:23:20,299 actually by they were actually 512 00:23:25,060 --> 00:23:22,520 classified by Edwin Hubble the namesake 513 00:23:27,220 --> 00:23:25,070 of the telescope what Hubble has looked 514 00:23:29,590 --> 00:23:27,230 at are the different types of galaxies 515 00:23:32,289 --> 00:23:29,600 that go beyond this so here are two 516 00:23:35,049 --> 00:23:32,299 galaxies there to spiral galaxies that 517 00:23:36,820 --> 00:23:35,059 are appear to be interacting but they're 518 00:23:40,450 --> 00:23:36,830 not they're just passing by each other 519 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:40,460 one is overlapping however if they did 520 00:23:45,610 --> 00:23:43,010 interact you might get galaxies that 521 00:23:47,590 --> 00:23:45,620 look like this these two galaxies are 522 00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:47,600 called the mice and you can see the 523 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:49,250 center of the galaxies there and then 524 00:23:54,220 --> 00:23:52,490 these long tidal tails these tidal tails 525 00:23:56,409 --> 00:23:54,230 have been stretched off by the 526 00:23:59,350 --> 00:23:56,419 gravitational interaction between these 527 00:24:01,480 --> 00:23:59,360 galaxies and Hubble has studied these 528 00:24:03,880 --> 00:24:01,490 galaxies interact galaxy interactions 529 00:24:05,919 --> 00:24:03,890 and in particular on the left you see a 530 00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:05,929 ground-based image of a pair of galaxies 531 00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:08,330 called the antenna again for those long 532 00:24:11,889 --> 00:24:09,770 tidal tails looking like antennas 533 00:24:13,870 --> 00:24:11,899 sticking away from the center and in the 534 00:24:17,649 --> 00:24:13,880 Hubble image on the right you can see 535 00:24:21,220 --> 00:24:17,659 all those bright blue regions these are 536 00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:21,230 observed an ultraviolet to find out the 537 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:24,710 details of what's going on in the galaxy 538 00:24:27,910 --> 00:24:25,490 interaction 539 00:24:31,750 --> 00:24:27,920 and we found that there were immense 540 00:24:34,210 --> 00:24:31,760 numbers of stars formed during these 541 00:24:36,730 --> 00:24:34,220 galaxies interactions they form these 542 00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:36,740 giant star clusters bigger than we 543 00:24:40,990 --> 00:24:39,050 imagined before so big that the 544 00:24:44,380 --> 00:24:41,000 astronomer called them super star 545 00:24:46,330 --> 00:24:44,390 clusters so there are a lot of these 546 00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:46,340 galaxies interactions and Hubble has 547 00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:48,650 studied a lot of them this is our 548 00:24:55,390 --> 00:24:51,410 largest press release ever when we had 549 00:24:57,160 --> 00:24:55,400 59 images of galaxies interactions and 550 00:24:59,110 --> 00:24:57,170 we can study galaxies that are coming 551 00:25:01,240 --> 00:24:59,120 together as they smash through each 552 00:25:04,990 --> 00:25:01,250 other they develop their title tails and 553 00:25:07,390 --> 00:25:05,000 come back and merge together but Hubble 554 00:25:10,270 --> 00:25:07,400 had a really special press release 555 00:25:14,110 --> 00:25:10,280 concerning our own Milky Way galaxy in 556 00:25:16,150 --> 00:25:14,120 the top left you can see an image of our 557 00:25:19,540 --> 00:25:16,160 Milky Way galaxy as it looks today and 558 00:25:22,060 --> 00:25:19,550 it is a spiral galaxy but we're inside 559 00:25:26,470 --> 00:25:22,070 the spiral so we see that edge-on view 560 00:25:28,750 --> 00:25:26,480 because we're inside that pancake and in 561 00:25:31,060 --> 00:25:28,760 the background you see a very small 562 00:25:34,780 --> 00:25:31,070 little galaxy that's the nearest large 563 00:25:37,030 --> 00:25:34,790 galaxy called Andromeda and Andromeda 564 00:25:40,870 --> 00:25:37,040 has been shown to be coming towards us 565 00:25:44,350 --> 00:25:40,880 so in the top right we have done a 566 00:25:46,020 --> 00:25:44,360 simulation of it and you can see a drama 567 00:25:48,190 --> 00:25:46,030 that is heading towards us and the 568 00:25:52,630 --> 00:25:48,200 bottom left you can see Andromeda 569 00:25:55,660 --> 00:25:52,640 getting even bigger however Hubble was 570 00:25:58,540 --> 00:25:55,670 able to measure the sideways motion of 571 00:26:00,520 --> 00:25:58,550 Andromeda to characterize the future 572 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:00,530 collision between the Milky Way and 573 00:26:05,020 --> 00:26:03,290 Andromeda and what Hubble it was able to 574 00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:05,030 determine that no other telescope was 575 00:26:11,799 --> 00:26:08,690 able to do was that we are headed for a 576 00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:11,809 tour head-on collision the Milky Way and 577 00:26:17,830 --> 00:26:14,690 Andromeda will collide in about 4 578 00:26:20,799 --> 00:26:17,840 billion years and that collision is 579 00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:20,809 shown in the lower right then we took it 580 00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:23,210 further we followed it with a simulation 581 00:26:27,880 --> 00:26:25,490 to try and see how it would develop and 582 00:26:29,950 --> 00:26:27,890 you can see in the upper left lots of 583 00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:29,960 star formation happening during the 584 00:26:35,140 --> 00:26:32,090 collision in the upper right you can see 585 00:26:37,299 --> 00:26:35,150 the tidal tails stretching out and in 586 00:26:37,690 --> 00:26:37,309 the lower left you see the galaxies 587 00:26:40,450 --> 00:26:37,700 coming 588 00:26:42,879 --> 00:26:40,460 back together and finally the lower 589 00:26:45,490 --> 00:26:42,889 right you see that about six billion 590 00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:45,500 years from now the Milky Way and 591 00:26:53,860 --> 00:26:48,860 Andromeda will actually merge together 592 00:26:56,350 --> 00:26:53,870 to become one galaxy that is in our 593 00:26:58,240 --> 00:26:56,360 future however you don't really need to 594 00:27:00,399 --> 00:26:58,250 worry about it your kids won't see it 595 00:27:01,690 --> 00:27:00,409 your grandkids won't see it you're a 596 00:27:04,060 --> 00:27:01,700 great great great great great great 597 00:27:06,159 --> 00:27:04,070 great grandkids won't see it because 598 00:27:08,860 --> 00:27:06,169 it's all going to happen about 4 billion 599 00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:08,870 years in the future but I can say that I 600 00:27:13,299 --> 00:27:11,510 is an astronomer man I'd really love to 601 00:27:16,870 --> 00:27:13,309 see that night sky during the collision 602 00:27:19,299 --> 00:27:16,880 that'll be a sight to see alright so 603 00:27:21,519 --> 00:27:19,309 let's step up one more scale let's go up 604 00:27:24,190 --> 00:27:21,529 to the scale of the entire universe with 605 00:27:25,659 --> 00:27:24,200 its image the Hubble Ultra Deep Field or 606 00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:25,669 i'm just going to for short i'm going to 607 00:27:31,299 --> 00:27:28,610 call it the HUD f now the Hubble Ultra 608 00:27:33,340 --> 00:27:31,309 Deep Field is the longest visible light 609 00:27:37,060 --> 00:27:33,350 exposure ever taken of the universe it 610 00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:37,070 sees more galaxies and fainter galaxies 611 00:27:42,190 --> 00:27:39,250 and thus galaxies at greater distances 612 00:27:45,340 --> 00:27:42,200 than any other visible light exposure 613 00:27:47,710 --> 00:27:45,350 ever taken let me zoom in on some of the 614 00:27:49,299 --> 00:27:47,720 details so here are some of the details 615 00:27:51,789 --> 00:27:49,309 so we can see we've got some big 616 00:27:54,820 --> 00:27:51,799 galaxies we got some medium galaxies we 617 00:27:56,710 --> 00:27:54,830 got some small galaxies now I don't have 618 00:28:00,039 --> 00:27:56,720 to know exactly where these galaxies 619 00:28:01,480 --> 00:28:00,049 exist but I can tell that the bigger 620 00:28:03,879 --> 00:28:01,490 galaxies well they're probably going to 621 00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:03,889 be more nearby the medium-sized galaxies 622 00:28:07,360 --> 00:28:04,850 they're gonna be able bit further away 623 00:28:09,460 --> 00:28:07,370 and then small galaxies well they're 624 00:28:12,639 --> 00:28:09,470 going to be even more just so we're 625 00:28:15,610 --> 00:28:12,649 looking at galaxies stretched across the 626 00:28:18,549 --> 00:28:15,620 universe one of the questions you might 627 00:28:22,149 --> 00:28:18,559 have however is well just how many 628 00:28:25,240 --> 00:28:22,159 galaxies are there and this is where we 629 00:28:28,090 --> 00:28:25,250 bring up our nationwide galaxy count so 630 00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:28,100 in preparation for this teaching we said 631 00:28:33,639 --> 00:28:31,010 what can we do and involve the students 632 00:28:35,860 --> 00:28:33,649 in a science project during our national 633 00:28:38,139 --> 00:28:35,870 teachin so if you came to our teaching 634 00:28:39,909 --> 00:28:38,149 page a couple weeks ago we were able to 635 00:28:41,980 --> 00:28:39,919 participate in the nationwide galaxy cow 636 00:28:44,529 --> 00:28:41,990 and what we did is we took that Hubble 637 00:28:47,289 --> 00:28:44,539 Ultra Deep Field and we split it up into 638 00:28:50,780 --> 00:28:47,299 these small cutouts and we asked people 639 00:28:52,940 --> 00:28:50,790 to go ahead and count galaxies in 640 00:28:56,840 --> 00:28:52,950 cut outs and submit your numbers to us 641 00:29:00,080 --> 00:28:56,850 and you did we got a good number of 642 00:29:02,390 --> 00:29:00,090 responses and we get a lot of variety in 643 00:29:04,370 --> 00:29:02,400 our responses so this is the galaxy 644 00:29:07,370 --> 00:29:04,380 count distribution and you can see it 645 00:29:09,590 --> 00:29:07,380 goes from zero to 125 on the graph the 646 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:09,600 lowest we got was around five and the 647 00:29:15,530 --> 00:29:12,930 highest we got was little over 120 so 648 00:29:17,870 --> 00:29:15,540 the same peep the same cut out being 649 00:29:20,660 --> 00:29:17,880 counted by different people comes up 650 00:29:22,820 --> 00:29:20,670 with a variety of answers now you might 651 00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:22,830 say oh well they got it right and they 652 00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:25,770 got it wrong I would say that you all 653 00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:30,210 got it right simply because we didn't 654 00:29:35,540 --> 00:29:32,250 tell you exactly what counted as a 655 00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:35,550 galaxy we let that in vague in the 656 00:29:39,650 --> 00:29:36,930 instructions and matter fact we put it 657 00:29:41,570 --> 00:29:39,660 up to you to say you should look at it 658 00:29:43,790 --> 00:29:41,580 and you should try to determine what is 659 00:29:46,430 --> 00:29:43,800 a galaxy a matter of fact we wanted you 660 00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:46,440 to work in teams because this is very 661 00:29:50,990 --> 00:29:49,260 important idea of science that science 662 00:29:52,910 --> 00:29:51,000 isn't just coming up with the right 663 00:29:55,430 --> 00:29:52,920 answer the right answer is not as 664 00:29:58,160 --> 00:29:55,440 important as the process of getting 665 00:30:00,290 --> 00:29:58,170 there and so by working in a team and 666 00:30:02,480 --> 00:30:00,300 discussing with your team well this is 667 00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:02,490 what I think a galaxy should count as or 668 00:30:07,790 --> 00:30:04,650 no no this is what I think a galaxy 669 00:30:10,490 --> 00:30:07,800 should count as that is really the best 670 00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:10,500 process of science it's that discussion 671 00:30:15,170 --> 00:30:13,110 in figuring out what you're after that's 672 00:30:18,740 --> 00:30:15,180 really where the science scientific 673 00:30:21,590 --> 00:30:18,750 insight takes place of course everyone 674 00:30:23,660 --> 00:30:21,600 does want the answer alright so let me 675 00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:23,670 give you the answer not for me as the 676 00:30:29,320 --> 00:30:26,490 astronomer but from you the folks who 677 00:30:32,990 --> 00:30:29,330 did the counting so here is your answer 678 00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:33,000 so in the HUD f galaxy counts the 679 00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:35,310 average across all of the cutouts that 680 00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:39,930 people counted was 54.4 galaxies so all 681 00:30:46,490 --> 00:30:42,210 these galaxies of all the cutouts you 682 00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:46,500 know the average number was 54 so first 683 00:30:52,460 --> 00:30:48,210 thing we want to do is estimate how many 684 00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:52,470 galaxies are in the entire HUD f but how 685 00:30:58,030 --> 00:30:54,810 are we going to do that what I need to 686 00:31:03,050 --> 00:30:58,040 tell you is that each of those cutouts 687 00:31:04,430 --> 00:31:03,060 was one percent of the HUD f we divided 688 00:31:07,310 --> 00:31:04,440 the HUD f up into 689 00:31:09,380 --> 00:31:07,320 by 10 by 10 grid and asks you to count 690 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:09,390 the cutouts which were just one of those 691 00:31:16,100 --> 00:31:14,010 grid points so if we are going to make a 692 00:31:19,160 --> 00:31:16,110 estimate of the number of galaxies in 693 00:31:23,330 --> 00:31:19,170 the HUD f based on our average we simply 694 00:31:26,560 --> 00:31:23,340 multiply by a 100 and our estimate for 695 00:31:31,550 --> 00:31:26,570 the number of galaxies in the HUD f is 696 00:31:35,530 --> 00:31:31,560 5440 really good estimate now let's take 697 00:31:37,850 --> 00:31:35,540 it one step further if the HUD f is a 698 00:31:41,870 --> 00:31:37,860 representative sample of the entire 699 00:31:45,260 --> 00:31:41,880 night sky how much how many galaxies are 700 00:31:47,270 --> 00:31:45,270 there in the whole night sky again you 701 00:31:49,520 --> 00:31:47,280 need to know what percentage the HUD f 702 00:31:53,420 --> 00:31:49,530 is of the whole night sky to get that 703 00:31:55,370 --> 00:31:53,430 answer let me show you here is the 704 00:31:58,070 --> 00:31:55,380 apparent side here is the full moon and 705 00:32:02,060 --> 00:31:58,080 the full moon on our night sky appears 706 00:32:05,030 --> 00:32:02,070 up half a degree across the hu yep by 707 00:32:08,690 --> 00:32:05,040 comparison is only about one-tenth of 708 00:32:11,180 --> 00:32:08,700 that size ok so the heb f is small 709 00:32:14,210 --> 00:32:11,190 compared to the full moon as it appears 710 00:32:17,390 --> 00:32:14,220 from Earth the full moon although you 711 00:32:19,310 --> 00:32:17,400 might think it's awfully large well if 712 00:32:22,190 --> 00:32:19,320 you take a proper perspective view of it 713 00:32:24,320 --> 00:32:22,200 it's actually pretty small because it's 714 00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:24,330 only half a degree across and you 715 00:32:28,790 --> 00:32:26,760 remember there are 360 degrees in a 716 00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:28,800 circle so half a degree in the night sky 717 00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:33,120 isn't all that big so we're talking one 718 00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:36,810 factor in 720 in a circle and then one 719 00:32:44,270 --> 00:32:39,810 factor in 10 from that the answer is 720 00:32:46,670 --> 00:32:44,280 that there are 12 valve million seven 721 00:32:49,550 --> 00:32:46,680 hundred and forty-six thousand seven 722 00:32:53,440 --> 00:32:49,560 hundred and eighty four patches the same 723 00:32:58,280 --> 00:32:53,450 sizes HUD F across the entire night sky 724 00:33:02,990 --> 00:32:58,290 the HUD F only represents 112 million of 725 00:33:07,550 --> 00:33:03,000 the entire night sky so let's go back to 726 00:33:10,490 --> 00:33:07,560 our calculation if we have 5440 galaxies 727 00:33:13,850 --> 00:33:10,500 in the HUD f and we multiply that by 728 00:33:16,430 --> 00:33:13,860 twelve point seven million your estimate 729 00:33:17,270 --> 00:33:16,440 of the entire number of galaxies in the 730 00:33:22,090 --> 00:33:17,280 entire you 731 00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:22,100 verse is 69 billion that's kind of cool 732 00:33:27,440 --> 00:33:24,930 just doing accounting exercise in your 733 00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:27,450 classroom you can estimate the number of 734 00:33:34,220 --> 00:33:31,410 galaxies in the entire universe when 735 00:33:36,590 --> 00:33:34,230 astronomers do it we don't ask school 736 00:33:38,060 --> 00:33:36,600 kids to count our galaxies for us we 737 00:33:40,430 --> 00:33:38,070 don't even ask our graduate students to 738 00:33:42,050 --> 00:33:40,440 do that we ask our computers to do it 739 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:42,060 and so we have very sophisticated 740 00:33:46,640 --> 00:33:44,460 computer programs to identify the 741 00:33:49,190 --> 00:33:46,650 galaxies and images like this and count 742 00:33:51,260 --> 00:33:49,200 all of them for us and so we can count 743 00:33:54,980 --> 00:33:51,270 all the galaxies in the HUD f and the 744 00:33:56,690 --> 00:33:54,990 number we get is about 10,000 now you 745 00:33:58,820 --> 00:33:56,700 should expect that you're counting will 746 00:34:01,310 --> 00:33:58,830 of course be lower simply because you 747 00:34:04,010 --> 00:34:01,320 don't can't see the very fine and faint 748 00:34:06,410 --> 00:34:04,020 pixels that a computer can see but you 749 00:34:09,830 --> 00:34:06,420 did really well and so if you take that 750 00:34:12,020 --> 00:34:09,840 10,000 number in the HUD f you can see 751 00:34:15,050 --> 00:34:12,030 that astronomers estimate that they're 752 00:34:18,980 --> 00:34:15,060 more than 100 billion galaxies in the 753 00:34:22,070 --> 00:34:18,990 entire universe now if that were all the 754 00:34:24,680 --> 00:34:22,080 HUD f was was about it still be a really 755 00:34:27,530 --> 00:34:24,690 great image but there is another story I 756 00:34:29,540 --> 00:34:27,540 want to tell you about it and here to 757 00:34:31,550 --> 00:34:29,550 illustrate that story are some of the 758 00:34:34,250 --> 00:34:31,560 most distant objects in the Hubble Ultra 759 00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:34,260 Deep Field and you can see they're not 760 00:34:40,970 --> 00:34:36,810 very exciting and galaxies there faint 761 00:34:43,730 --> 00:34:40,980 red dots small red things out of the 762 00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:43,740 furthest reaches of the universe now let 763 00:34:48,889 --> 00:34:46,770 me tell you why are they red well they 764 00:34:51,169 --> 00:34:48,899 are red because the universe is 765 00:34:54,050 --> 00:34:51,179 expanding and the light that travels 766 00:34:56,870 --> 00:34:54,060 across the expanding universe becomes 767 00:34:59,870 --> 00:34:56,880 stretched along with it recall this 768 00:35:01,970 --> 00:34:59,880 cosmological redshift because if you 769 00:35:04,850 --> 00:35:01,980 take short wavelengths and stretch them 770 00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:04,860 to longer wavelengths for visible light 771 00:35:09,650 --> 00:35:07,530 the blue is the shorter wavelengths the 772 00:35:12,170 --> 00:35:09,660 red is the longer wavelengths so the 773 00:35:15,140 --> 00:35:12,180 wavelengths stretched or the red end of 774 00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:15,150 the spectrum that's what cosmological 775 00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:16,710 redshift is and that's why these 776 00:35:24,230 --> 00:35:20,480 galaxies appear red they appear small 777 00:35:27,820 --> 00:35:24,240 because well this is a different story a 778 00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:27,830 long time ago in a galaxy far far away 779 00:35:33,350 --> 00:35:30,570 now you may recognize that 780 00:35:36,860 --> 00:35:33,360 the opening of Star Wars Episode four 781 00:35:40,820 --> 00:35:36,870 and it's actually one thing that George 782 00:35:43,700 --> 00:35:40,830 Lucas got right because when you are 783 00:35:47,020 --> 00:35:43,710 looking at a galaxy far far away you 784 00:35:49,130 --> 00:35:47,030 have to be looking at it a long time ago 785 00:35:50,780 --> 00:35:49,140 remember i talked about light traveling 786 00:35:53,690 --> 00:35:50,790 across space doesn't happen 787 00:35:56,180 --> 00:35:53,700 instantaneously light takes time to 788 00:36:00,170 --> 00:35:56,190 cross space and for these most distant 789 00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:00,180 galaxies it takes billions of years so 790 00:36:06,140 --> 00:36:02,610 we're seeing these galaxies not as they 791 00:36:09,620 --> 00:36:06,150 are today but as they were billions of 792 00:36:13,130 --> 00:36:09,630 years ago here's a diagram to illustrate 793 00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:13,140 that the bottom left you can see some 794 00:36:17,330 --> 00:36:14,910 galaxies out to about three billion 795 00:36:20,060 --> 00:36:17,340 light-years away so we're seeing them as 796 00:36:22,340 --> 00:36:20,070 they were out to 3 billion years ago and 797 00:36:24,430 --> 00:36:22,350 you can see those galaxies have the 798 00:36:27,260 --> 00:36:24,440 normal spiral shapes that we expect in 799 00:36:29,090 --> 00:36:27,270 the center circle we see galaxies from 800 00:36:33,050 --> 00:36:29,100 three to seven billion light-years away 801 00:36:35,840 --> 00:36:33,060 so three to seven billion years ago and 802 00:36:37,940 --> 00:36:35,850 they also have spiral shapes but they're 803 00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:37,950 not fully developed you know if the 804 00:36:41,300 --> 00:36:40,110 bottom ones are adult galaxies these 805 00:36:44,180 --> 00:36:41,310 middle ones maybe we'll call them 806 00:36:46,370 --> 00:36:44,190 teenager galaxies and in the top right 807 00:36:49,130 --> 00:36:46,380 you can see the galaxies that are red 808 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:49,140 and they're small and they really don't 809 00:36:53,660 --> 00:36:50,610 have much spiral structure at all 810 00:36:56,360 --> 00:36:53,670 they're still developing these would be 811 00:37:00,470 --> 00:36:56,370 the kid galaxies as we look out into 812 00:37:03,380 --> 00:37:00,480 space we look back into time and we can 813 00:37:06,260 --> 00:37:03,390 see the development of galaxies over 814 00:37:09,080 --> 00:37:06,270 time and that is what makes the Hubble 815 00:37:11,450 --> 00:37:09,090 Ultra Deep Field so special that not 816 00:37:14,210 --> 00:37:11,460 only do we see so many galaxies stretch 817 00:37:17,180 --> 00:37:14,220 across space but also stretched across 818 00:37:20,270 --> 00:37:17,190 time and we can see the history of the 819 00:37:24,830 --> 00:37:20,280 universe by looking deep with the Hubble 820 00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:24,840 Space Telescope so we have shown you 821 00:37:31,250 --> 00:37:28,610 planets and stars and nebulae and 822 00:37:33,260 --> 00:37:31,260 galaxies and we've taken you to the edge 823 00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:33,270 of the universe Hubble as a 824 00:37:38,930 --> 00:37:35,970 general-purpose Observatory is able to 825 00:37:42,830 --> 00:37:38,940 study the complete sweep of the universe 826 00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:42,840 and its really are privileged to be able 827 00:37:46,480 --> 00:37:44,450 to bring this to you 828 00:37:49,150 --> 00:37:46,490 now I know that you have some questions 829 00:37:51,190 --> 00:37:49,160 and we asked you in advance to submit 830 00:37:53,109 --> 00:37:51,200 your questions we got a whole bunch of 831 00:37:56,440 --> 00:37:53,119 questions we chose to that we would 832 00:37:59,079 --> 00:37:56,450 answer live during the teach it so the 833 00:38:02,380 --> 00:37:59,089 first question what makes the pictures 834 00:38:04,510 --> 00:38:02,390 from Hubble so colorful because hulls 835 00:38:07,540 --> 00:38:04,520 images are just wonderfully compelling 836 00:38:10,329 --> 00:38:07,550 I'm actually going to tell you a secret 837 00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:10,339 it's not really a secret but Hubble 838 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:12,650 takes images that are always black and 839 00:38:19,390 --> 00:38:16,010 white every image Hubble takes is black 840 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:19,400 and white but what Hubble does is it 841 00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:22,010 takes images through filters and so the 842 00:38:25,750 --> 00:38:23,930 image on the left is goes through a red 843 00:38:27,730 --> 00:38:25,760 filter the image in the center goes 844 00:38:29,650 --> 00:38:27,740 through a green filter and the image on 845 00:38:32,290 --> 00:38:29,660 the right goes through a blue filter and 846 00:38:34,660 --> 00:38:32,300 when they come down to us at Space 847 00:38:37,540 --> 00:38:34,670 Telescope they are black and white and 848 00:38:40,240 --> 00:38:37,550 we can add color to them so that we get 849 00:38:42,099 --> 00:38:40,250 red and green and blue to represent the 850 00:38:44,740 --> 00:38:42,109 colors that they've got and then we 851 00:38:48,990 --> 00:38:44,750 combine them together we get a full 852 00:38:51,790 --> 00:38:49,000 color image up in this case a galaxy and 853 00:38:53,890 --> 00:38:51,800 in this galaxy we have used these 854 00:38:56,530 --> 00:38:53,900 broadband red green and blue filters 855 00:38:58,359 --> 00:38:56,540 just like the codes in your eye you've 856 00:39:01,599 --> 00:38:58,369 got red green and blue cones in your eye 857 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:01,609 and so we call this sort of natural 858 00:39:06,309 --> 00:39:03,530 color because it's kind of like what 859 00:39:08,470 --> 00:39:06,319 you're I would see if you had an eyeball 860 00:39:12,490 --> 00:39:08,480 as big as the hubble space telescope's 861 00:39:14,710 --> 00:39:12,500 mirror the area are however most of 862 00:39:17,290 --> 00:39:14,720 Hubble observations are not they taken 863 00:39:19,720 --> 00:39:17,300 in these broadband filters for example 864 00:39:23,079 --> 00:39:19,730 this image of a nebula was taken in the 865 00:39:26,140 --> 00:39:23,089 light of nitrogen emission of hydrogen 866 00:39:28,450 --> 00:39:26,150 emission and oxygen emission these are 867 00:39:30,099 --> 00:39:28,460 three specific elements that that 868 00:39:32,140 --> 00:39:30,109 radiated specific wavelengths and 869 00:39:35,290 --> 00:39:32,150 Hubble's able to filter out just that 870 00:39:36,910 --> 00:39:35,300 light which is important to science now 871 00:39:40,660 --> 00:39:36,920 the night both the nitrogen and the 872 00:39:43,150 --> 00:39:40,670 hydrogen outlines are in the red part of 873 00:39:45,609 --> 00:39:43,160 the spectrum and the oxygen is in more 874 00:39:48,819 --> 00:39:45,619 in the cyan portion of the spectrum and 875 00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:48,829 we combine them together we would get an 876 00:39:53,620 --> 00:39:50,650 image like you see in the lower left 877 00:39:55,120 --> 00:39:53,630 however in that image it's very hard to 878 00:39:56,329 --> 00:39:55,130 tell what is the nitrogen and what is 879 00:39:58,219 --> 00:39:56,339 the hydrogen they're all sort of 880 00:40:00,799 --> 00:39:58,229 mixed together so it's more 881 00:40:03,589 --> 00:40:00,809 scientifically useful and I will say 882 00:40:06,459 --> 00:40:03,599 more beautiful if instead we've used 883 00:40:09,799 --> 00:40:06,469 nitrogen is red hydrogen is green and 884 00:40:12,339 --> 00:40:09,809 oxygen is blue combine those together 885 00:40:15,620 --> 00:40:12,349 and you hit the image in the lower right 886 00:40:18,259 --> 00:40:15,630 which has a little bit more more beauty 887 00:40:20,660 --> 00:40:18,269 to it but it's also much more useful in 888 00:40:23,839 --> 00:40:20,670 being able to separate out the colors 889 00:40:26,089 --> 00:40:23,849 from the different emission of the 890 00:40:28,640 --> 00:40:26,099 different atoms and that is what's 891 00:40:30,469 --> 00:40:28,650 useful scientifically we call this 892 00:40:32,479 --> 00:40:30,479 representative color because we are 893 00:40:35,299 --> 00:40:32,489 representing each filter with a 894 00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:35,309 different color it's also what we do 895 00:40:40,459 --> 00:40:37,200 when we take images in the infrared and 896 00:40:42,229 --> 00:40:40,469 the ultraviolet because what color is 897 00:40:44,509 --> 00:40:42,239 the ultraviolet what color is the 898 00:40:49,219 --> 00:40:44,519 infrared we need to take visible light 899 00:40:51,829 --> 00:40:49,229 colors to represent those the point is 900 00:40:56,120 --> 00:40:51,839 that all of the all of the images you 901 00:40:58,160 --> 00:40:56,130 see from Hubble the data is real but the 902 00:40:59,900 --> 00:40:58,170 colors of course sometimes have to 903 00:41:03,109 --> 00:40:59,910 represent other things that you can't 904 00:41:05,209 --> 00:41:03,119 see the second question we're going to 905 00:41:08,989 --> 00:41:05,219 answer today is what is the future of 906 00:41:11,479 --> 00:41:08,999 Hubble and space astronomy well the 907 00:41:14,209 --> 00:41:11,489 future of Hubble is actually very bright 908 00:41:15,829 --> 00:41:14,219 you might think oh it's 25 years it's 909 00:41:17,959 --> 00:41:15,839 getting toward the end of its life you 910 00:41:21,440 --> 00:41:17,969 know this is a retrospective no actually 911 00:41:23,989 --> 00:41:21,450 Hubble is doing really great we've been 912 00:41:26,359 --> 00:41:23,999 really happy with the way the 913 00:41:29,150 --> 00:41:26,369 observatory has functioned since the 914 00:41:30,769 --> 00:41:29,160 last service commission in 2009 the 915 00:41:32,989 --> 00:41:30,779 folks here at Space Telescope have 916 00:41:34,880 --> 00:41:32,999 learned how to operate the batteries and 917 00:41:37,009 --> 00:41:34,890 the gyroscopes and preserve do the 918 00:41:39,289 --> 00:41:37,019 observing in such ways that we are 919 00:41:42,079 --> 00:41:39,299 preserving and prolonging the life of 920 00:41:45,019 --> 00:41:42,089 the telescope the hubble is in many ways 921 00:41:47,209 --> 00:41:45,029 still at the peak of its powers and we 922 00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:47,219 expect it to last at least another five 923 00:41:51,319 --> 00:41:49,200 years and we're crossing our fingers and 924 00:41:54,049 --> 00:41:51,329 hoping that hubble will last another 10 925 00:41:56,920 --> 00:41:54,059 years yeah we might be able to get 35 926 00:42:00,979 --> 00:41:56,930 years out of this amazing telescope 927 00:42:03,620 --> 00:42:00,989 going beyond Hubble we have a new great 928 00:42:07,039 --> 00:42:03,630 Grubbs ereri from NASA called the James 929 00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:07,049 Webb Space Telescope now the James Webb 930 00:42:11,450 --> 00:42:09,210 Space Telescope is the following 931 00:42:13,880 --> 00:42:11,460 hubbell but it's a little different from 932 00:42:16,010 --> 00:42:13,890 how you can see it's got this giant 933 00:42:18,080 --> 00:42:16,020 mirror with this great big sunshade and 934 00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:18,090 that's because it is an infrared 935 00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:20,850 Observatory it will be observing an 936 00:42:27,170 --> 00:42:24,810 infrared light why the infrared well 937 00:42:29,870 --> 00:42:27,180 remember I talked about all those dust 938 00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:29,880 disks in Orion and you want to look into 939 00:42:34,310 --> 00:42:32,640 that as dark dust asst well it's hard to 940 00:42:37,820 --> 00:42:34,320 see you can't see them using visible 941 00:42:40,130 --> 00:42:37,830 light but infrared light with its longer 942 00:42:41,950 --> 00:42:40,140 wavelengths as well as the radiation 943 00:42:45,020 --> 00:42:41,960 from the dusk occurs in the infrared 944 00:42:47,840 --> 00:42:45,030 allows the james webb space telescope to 945 00:42:50,870 --> 00:42:47,850 look inside those dust disks and study 946 00:42:52,760 --> 00:42:50,880 star formation and planet formation with 947 00:42:56,960 --> 00:42:52,770 greater detail than Hubble could ever 948 00:43:00,530 --> 00:42:56,970 possibly do also when we look out at 949 00:43:02,990 --> 00:43:00,540 those distant galaxies the light that is 950 00:43:04,910 --> 00:43:03,000 stretched by cosmological redshift can 951 00:43:07,280 --> 00:43:04,920 be stretched past the visible light 952 00:43:10,940 --> 00:43:07,290 spectrum can be stretched into the 953 00:43:13,610 --> 00:43:10,950 infrared and deep into the infrared the 954 00:43:15,710 --> 00:43:13,620 HUD f runs out of galaxies after a while 955 00:43:19,340 --> 00:43:15,720 not because the galaxies aren't there 956 00:43:21,260 --> 00:43:19,350 but because Hubble can't see them the 957 00:43:23,510 --> 00:43:21,270 weight light from those galaxies has 958 00:43:25,460 --> 00:43:23,520 been stretched to the infrared and we 959 00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:25,470 need the james webb space telescope in 960 00:43:30,950 --> 00:43:27,810 order to see these most distance and the 961 00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:30,960 earliest galaxies in the universe so the 962 00:43:34,640 --> 00:43:32,610 James Webb Space Telescope is doing 963 00:43:37,790 --> 00:43:34,650 infrared observations it will have the 964 00:43:40,370 --> 00:43:37,800 resolution of Hubble in the infrared and 965 00:43:43,730 --> 00:43:40,380 be able to do science that the Hubble 966 00:43:45,710 --> 00:43:43,740 Space Telescope was not able to do now 967 00:43:49,580 --> 00:43:45,720 the James Webb Space Telescope doesn't 968 00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:49,590 launch until 2018 however that doesn't 969 00:43:53,660 --> 00:43:50,970 mean you can't get involved with the 970 00:43:56,390 --> 00:43:53,670 James Webb Space Telescope now and here 971 00:43:59,060 --> 00:43:56,400 to tell us about a project that you can 972 00:44:04,930 --> 00:43:59,070 do in your classroom is Jessica Kenny 973 00:44:08,120 --> 00:44:04,940 Space Telescope Science Institute hello 974 00:44:09,620 --> 00:44:08,130 welcome to our hangout again I we I am 975 00:44:11,240 --> 00:44:09,630 Jessica Kimmy and I will be telling you 976 00:44:14,560 --> 00:44:11,250 about the James Webb stem innovation 977 00:44:17,630 --> 00:44:14,570 project here at Space Telescope this 978 00:44:20,490 --> 00:44:17,640 project was based upon the success of 979 00:44:22,980 --> 00:44:20,500 the 2009 Hubble early release 980 00:44:25,350 --> 00:44:22,990 student pilot program is an 981 00:44:27,270 --> 00:44:25,360 interdisciplinary project where students 982 00:44:30,540 --> 00:44:27,280 are able to create and demonstrate their 983 00:44:32,970 --> 00:44:30,550 own ideas about the telescope this 984 00:44:35,940 --> 00:44:32,980 project is implemented in 50 different 985 00:44:38,550 --> 00:44:35,950 states within the US so this covers 986 00:44:40,530 --> 00:44:38,560 summer disciplines we have a music art 987 00:44:41,820 --> 00:44:40,540 in writing we have a few examples of 988 00:44:44,460 --> 00:44:41,830 some projects that students have 989 00:44:47,580 --> 00:44:44,470 completed we have students who have 990 00:44:50,790 --> 00:44:47,590 completed this project by creating songs 991 00:44:53,280 --> 00:44:50,800 through music we have students who have 992 00:44:54,960 --> 00:44:53,290 done a mural at their school that they 993 00:44:56,640 --> 00:44:54,970 devoted their summer time to create this 994 00:44:58,200 --> 00:44:56,650 mural with their parents with their 995 00:45:01,470 --> 00:44:58,210 teachers and with others in the 996 00:45:03,750 --> 00:45:01,480 community we also have social studies 997 00:45:05,880 --> 00:45:03,760 students working with this project it 998 00:45:08,490 --> 00:45:05,890 with world culture they've studied how 999 00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:08,500 James Webb will impact the world and in 1000 00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:10,450 other countries that have involved in 1001 00:45:16,140 --> 00:45:13,930 creating the telescope and we've had 1002 00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:16,150 elementary school students who created 1003 00:45:22,050 --> 00:45:20,110 this awesome J diversity mirror segments 1004 00:45:25,620 --> 00:45:22,060 they recognize these patterns very 1005 00:45:27,150 --> 00:45:25,630 similar to beehive patterns and we have 1006 00:45:28,860 --> 00:45:27,160 a few comments from teachers is the 1007 00:45:31,050 --> 00:45:28,870 first grade teacher who felt like the 1008 00:45:33,000 --> 00:45:31,060 students really were gaining 1009 00:45:35,460 --> 00:45:33,010 thought-provoking questions related to 1010 00:45:38,730 --> 00:45:35,470 the project they develop skills in 1011 00:45:41,310 --> 00:45:38,740 high-level comprehension from learning 1012 00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:41,320 about the James Webb Space Telescope we 1013 00:45:46,260 --> 00:45:43,210 have a high school teacher who would 1014 00:45:48,510 --> 00:45:46,270 allow their students to get real-world 1015 00:45:51,420 --> 00:45:48,520 connections to the soap telescopes and 1016 00:45:54,030 --> 00:45:51,430 they did 3d models they did songwriting 1017 00:45:56,850 --> 00:45:54,040 computer drawings related to James Webb 1018 00:45:58,440 --> 00:45:56,860 and here's just some inspiration from 1019 00:46:00,360 --> 00:45:58,450 students who participated in this 1020 00:46:04,100 --> 00:46:00,370 project that they're really interested 1021 00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:04,110 in there hoping that they could go and 1022 00:46:10,650 --> 00:46:07,210 take this opportunity to go in the 1023 00:46:11,790 --> 00:46:10,660 future in their careers so how do you 1024 00:46:13,410 --> 00:46:11,800 want to get involved how do you 1025 00:46:15,350 --> 00:46:13,420 participate with us to partner with us 1026 00:46:17,970 --> 00:46:15,360 we were able to give you resources 1027 00:46:20,550 --> 00:46:17,980 information from Jay diversity 1028 00:46:23,130 --> 00:46:20,560 scientists and if you complete this 1029 00:46:25,590 --> 00:46:23,140 project you will receive a high quality 1030 00:46:28,560 --> 00:46:25,600 museum quality prep for your classroom 1031 00:46:31,410 --> 00:46:28,570 and our contact information is John 1032 00:46:33,170 --> 00:46:31,420 maple we will see it's a jay maple at 1033 00:46:36,740 --> 00:46:33,180 stsci edu 1034 00:46:37,910 --> 00:46:36,750 and here is an image of the museum 1035 00:46:40,240 --> 00:46:37,920 quality poster that you will receive 1036 00:46:42,980 --> 00:46:40,250 upon completion of this project 1037 00:46:44,420 --> 00:46:42,990 fantastic and it's great that we're able 1038 00:46:47,359 --> 00:46:44,430 to get the james webb space telescope 1039 00:46:51,740 --> 00:46:47,369 into classrooms four years five years 1040 00:46:55,609 --> 00:46:51,750 before its launch so Hubble has been up 1041 00:46:58,250 --> 00:46:55,619 for 25 years and we are so excited that 1042 00:47:00,620 --> 00:46:58,260 you chose to share with us but it's not 1043 00:47:02,540 --> 00:47:00,630 over there's a lot more there's a lot 1044 00:47:04,069 --> 00:47:02,550 more to come from Hubble and we hope 1045 00:47:06,200 --> 00:47:04,079 there's a lot more interaction that you 1046 00:47:09,290 --> 00:47:06,210 can have with us here at Space Telescope 1047 00:47:11,660 --> 00:47:09,300 Science Institute we run the what we 1048 00:47:13,670 --> 00:47:11,670 call the amazing space education program 1049 00:47:15,319 --> 00:47:13,680 and if you want to see all the 1050 00:47:16,730 --> 00:47:15,329 activities and you want to keep up 1051 00:47:22,690 --> 00:47:16,740 perhaps with the future events we're 1052 00:47:27,829 --> 00:47:22,700 going to do come to our website www 1053 00:47:29,270 --> 00:47:27,839 amazing hyphen space STScI dot edu now I 1054 00:47:31,069 --> 00:47:29,280 have to tell you I think that website is 1055 00:47:33,859 --> 00:47:31,079 going to undergo an upgrade over the 1056 00:47:36,829 --> 00:47:33,869 summer but by sep tember we will be able 1057 00:47:38,870 --> 00:47:36,839 to will be a new website and we'll 1058 00:47:41,690 --> 00:47:38,880 schedule some new events to do with 1059 00:47:44,030 --> 00:47:41,700 teachers across the country if you have 1060 00:47:45,620 --> 00:47:44,040 questions or comments I know we didn't 1061 00:47:47,270 --> 00:47:45,630 answer all the questions we got too many 1062 00:47:50,359 --> 00:47:47,280 to answer I tried to answer as many of 1063 00:47:52,520 --> 00:47:50,369 my talk but you can still send us 1064 00:47:57,160 --> 00:47:52,530 questions or comments about this too 1065 00:48:00,890 --> 00:47:57,170 amazing hyphen space at stsci edu 1066 00:48:02,359 --> 00:48:00,900 finally I know that you we always go 1067 00:48:04,010 --> 00:48:02,369 through these things much too quickly 1068 00:48:05,420 --> 00:48:04,020 and you might have missed something all 1069 00:48:07,359 --> 00:48:05,430 right well the recording will be 1070 00:48:11,089 --> 00:48:07,369 available on YouTube very shortly after 1071 00:48:13,549 --> 00:48:11,099 afterwards and also we will then put it 1072 00:48:15,589 --> 00:48:13,559 up on teachertube early next week i 1073 00:48:18,260 --> 00:48:15,599 believe by tuesday of next week we'll 1074 00:48:21,230 --> 00:48:18,270 have it up on teacher tube and guess 1075 00:48:24,130 --> 00:48:21,240 what our username is there it is amazing 1076 00:48:27,589 --> 00:48:24,140 space but this time without the hyphen 1077 00:48:29,569 --> 00:48:27,599 so on behalf of Bonnie Eisen hammer the 1078 00:48:32,089 --> 00:48:29,579 office of public outreach the Space 1079 00:48:35,299 --> 00:48:32,099 Telescope Science Institute and all of 1080 00:48:36,680 --> 00:48:35,309 the folks at NASA work on Hubble thank 1081 00:48:39,470 --> 00:48:36,690 you for celebrating Hubble's 25th